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Urine Investigation for Diabetes (Sugar Illness)

The urine analysis investigation (urine investigation test) is a very simple test you can perform well themselves. For this you need to do a test strip, the cost you can buy in any pharmacy with cost of 15 pieces for about 20 €.

With this urine investigation test, you can determine your urine sugar completely simply. Test your blood sugar regularly, for example, the morning after rising. Urine glucose (urine sugar) frequently found here, shows this clearly indicates a diabetes (diabetes mellitus). Background: Your kidney begins to excrete sugar in the urine when your blood sugar mg to 150g 180 / dl is.

This test is meaningful only in that one direction. You can not automatically assume that you do not suffer from diabetes, if you notice any of these Urine glucose test strips. If the diabetes has affected your kidneys, then the so-called renal threshold, the point is, is excreted in the urine sugar to be increased. Even at very high blood glucose levels, then a divorce is no more sugar.

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The Most Frequent Cirrhosis Causes

There are some causes of cirrhosis, such as alcohol, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), cryptogenic cirrhosis, chronic viral hepatitis, Inherited disorders, primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, autoimmune hepatitis, biliary atresia, and cardiac chronic heart failure as cirrhosis causes problems.

• Alcohol cause hepatic cirrhosis

Alcohol is a very common cause of cirrhosis, especially in the western world. The development of cirrhosis depends on the amount and regularity of alcohol consumption. Chronic high levels of alcohol consumption for liver cell damage. Thirty percent of people drinking daily for at least eight to sixteen ounces of hard liquor or the equivalent of fifteen or more years will develop cirrhosis. Alcohol causes a range of diseases of the liver to be simple and uncomplicated fatty liver (steatosis), to more severe fatty liver with inflammation (nonalcoholic steatohepatitis or hepatitis), cirrhosis.

• Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)

NAFLD, better known as Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease refers to a broad spectrum of liver diseases such as alcoholic liver disease, ranging from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis (NASH) to cirrhosis. All stages of NAFLD have in common the accumulation of fat in liver cells. The term is used because NAFLD nonalcoholic occurs in people who do not consume excessive amounts of alcohol, however, in many respects, the microscopic image of non-alcoholic fatty liver is similar to what can be seen in liver disease caused by excessive alcohol consumption. Is NAFLD associated with a condition called insulin resistance, which in turn is associated with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Obesity is a major cause of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes. NAFLD is the most common liver disease in the United States and is responsible for 24% of all liver diseases. In fact, the number of livers that are transplanted from non-alcoholic fatty liver, cirrhosis is related to the increase. The public health administrators that the current epidemic of obesity dramatically increases the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver and cirrhosis in the population.

• Cryptogenic cirrhosis (cirrhosis due to unidentified causes)

Cirrhosis due to unidentified causes, better known as Cryptogenic-Cirrhosis is a common reason for liver transplantation. It’s called cryptogenic cirrhosis because for years doctors have been unable to explain why a proportion of patients with cirrhosis developed. Doctors now believe that cryptogenic cirrhosis due to NASH (nonalcoholic steatohepatitis) caused by long-standing obesity, type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance. The fat in the liver of patients with NASH is estimated to disappear with the onset of cirrhosis, and this makes it difficult for physicians to establish the link between NASH and cryptogenic cirrhosis long. An important clue leading to NASH cryptogenic cirrhosis is the discovery of a large number of Nash in the new liver of patients undergoing liver transplantation in cryptogenic cirrhosis. Finally, a French study suggests that patients with NASH have a similar risk of developing cirrhosis patients with long-term infection with hepatitis C. (See below). However, it is expected that progression to cirrhosis from NASH to be slow and the diagnosis of cirrhosis is usually performed in patients in the sixties.

• Chronic Viral Hepatitis

Viral hepatitis chronic is a condition where chronic hepatitis B or chronic hepatitis C affects the liver for years. Most patients with viral hepatitis develop chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. For example, most patients infected with hepatitis A recover completely within a few weeks without developing chronic infection. However, some patients infected with hepatitis B and most patients infected with hepatitis C develop chronic hepatitis, which in turn leads to progressive liver disease leading to cirrhosis and sometimes liver cancer.

• Inherited (genetic) disorders

Inherited genetic disorders that cause the accumulation of toxic substances in the liver, leading to tissue damage and cirrhosis. Examples include the abnormal accumulation of iron (hemochromatosis) or copper (Wilson’s disease). In hemochromatosis, patients inherit a tendency to absorb too much iron from food. Over time, iron accumulation in various organs in the body causes cirrhosis, arthritis, heart muscle damage leading to heart failure, and testicular dysfunction causing loss of sexual appetite. Treatment aims to prevent organ damage from the removal of iron in the body by bleeding (blood removal). In Wilson’s disease, is an inherited abnormality in one of the proteins that control copper in the body. Over time, copper accumulates in the liver, eyes and brain. Cirrhosis, tremor, psychiatric disorders and other neurological disorders occur if the condition is not treated quickly. Treatment with oral medication that increases the amount of copper from the body in urine.

• Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC)

PBC, better known as Primary Biliary Cirrhosis is a liver disease caused by abnormal immune system that is predominantly female. Abnormal immunity in PBC causes chronic inflammation and destruction of small bile ducts in the liver. The bile ducts are the passages in the liver, bile travels to the intestine. Bile is a liquid produced by the liver that contains substances necessary for digestion and absorption of fat in the intestine, and other compounds that are waste products such as bilirubin, a pigment. (Bilirubin is produced by the breakdown of hemoglobin in red blood cells.). Along with the gallbladder, bile ducts form the biliary tract. In the PBC, the destruction of small bile duct blocks the normal flow of bile into the intestine. As the inflammation continues to destroy more of the bile ducts, also extends to destroy liver cells nearby. That the destruction of hepatocytes of products, the scar tissue (fibrosis) forms and propagates in the areas of destruction. The combined effects of ongoing inflammation, scarring, and the toxic effects of waste accumulation leads to cirrhosis.

• Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC)

PSC, better known as Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis is a rare disease that occurs frequently in patients with ulcerative colitis. In the PSC, the large bile ducts outside the liver become inflamed, narrowed and blocked. Outflow obstruction of the bile duct in biliary tract infections and jaundice, and eventually causes cirrhosis. In some patients, bile duct injury (usually after surgery) can also cause obstruction and cirrhosis of the liver.

• Autoimmune hepatitis

Autoimmune hepatitis is a liver disease caused by abnormal immune system that occurs most often in women. The abnormal immune activity in autoimmune hepatitis resulting in inflammation and progressive destruction of liver cells (hepatocytes), which eventually leads to cirrhosis.

• Babies can be born without bile ducts (biliary atresia)

Biliary atresia, also known as infant can be born without bile ducts and eventually develop cirrhosis. Other babies are born without enzyme vital for control of sugar that leads to the accumulation of sugars and cirrhosis. On rare occasions, the absence of a specific enzyme can cause cirrhosis and scarring of the lungs (alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency).

• Other less common causes of cirrhosis include unusual reactions to certain drugs and exposure to toxins, and chronic heart failure (cardiac cirrhosis)

In some parts of the world (especially North Africa), infection of the liver parasites (schistosomiasis) is the most common cause of liver disease and cirrhosis.

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Diabetic Nephropathy and Kidney Disease

Diabetic nephropathy, some people also known as Kimmelstiel-Wilson syndrome and intercapillary glomerulonephritis (nephropatia diabetica) is a progressive disease of the kidneys as a result of a long, not optimally controlled diabetes mellitus – in which poorly treated – the kidney function is more limiting up to dialysis, kidney failure. Around 30% of people with diabetes type 1 and diabetes type 2 occurs approximately 10 years after onset of diabetic nephropathy (nephropathy diabetes), and men are statistically more frequently affected than women, including low birth weight acts as a favorable factor.

The relevant factors in addition to a hereditary predisposition and the long-term quality of glycemic control. Due to the long-standing elevated blood sugar deposits from changes in the renal corpuscles and scarring caused by the natural filtering function of the kidneys fail gradually. The arteries of the renal vessels calcify increasingly, there is an increase in pressure within the renal corpuscle and a general rise in blood pressure.

The onset of the illness passes unnoticed by the patient, when the nephropathy is broken and is not treated, but it usually leads within 2.5 years for chronic renal failure. Only the symptoms of advanced renal injury in the form of foamy urine (due to the increased protein secretion), edema and weight gain or incipient renal failure with itching, exhaustion, headache, anemia, nausea and vomiting are more noticeable. In the laboratory, the excretion of albumin is increased.

The simultaneous determination of albumin and creatinine in urine is the albumin-creatinine ratio a clear indication of diabetic nephropathy :

The value of 30-300 mg / g is known as microalbuminuria (likelihood of nephropathy after 10 years, diabetes mellitus type 1) very high; more than 300 mg / g is called macroalbuminuria (very high probability) even after a shorter diabetes.

If 2 of 3 samples reach these values, it must be of the diabetic nephropathy. At the risk of renal failure is due to the burden of blood vessels in hypertension, the risk of cardiovascular complications increases significantly. Smoking, higher amounts of protein from the diet, elevated blood lipids and obesity potentiate the risk of a heart attack, stroke, thrombosis, or diabetic complications.

Blood sugar must be terminated permanently optimal, lowered blood pressure and so must be the blood fat levels reduced to well below 100. The goal is to reduce protein excretion to less than 0.5 – 1 g per day.

Regular blood and urine tests to the corresponding values of renal function are mandatory. As standard medications are ACE inhibitors or AT1 antagonists, antihypertensive drugs can stop the disease prophylactically.

A well adjusted blood sugar levels, consistent weight control, regular medical checkups and a generally healthy lifestyle (exercise, protein and fats in moderation, do not smoke) to help reduce the risk of diabetic nephropathy, and significantly delay the progression of existing disease.

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Hepatic Cirrhosis Complication Symptoms and Signs Part 2

Previously, we have discussed about signs and symptoms of hepatic cirrhosis complications such as edema and ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP), and Bleeding esophageal varices in Part 1. Now we will discuss the continuation of hepatic cirrhosis complication symptoms and signs such as hepatic encephalopathy, hepatorenal syndrome, hepatopulmonaire syndrome, hypersplenism and hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer) details as below.

Hepatic Encephalopathy

Some of the proteins in food that escapes digestion and absorption is used by bacteria normally present in the intestine. While the utilization of protein for their own purposes, bacteria that cause substances emitted in the intestine. These substances can be absorbed by the body. Some of these substances, eg ammonia, can have toxic effects on the brain. Normally, these toxic substances are transported from the intestine into the portal vein to the liver where they are eliminated from the blood and detoxification.

As mentioned above, when cirrhosis is present, liver cells can not function normally, either because they are damaged or because they have lost their normal relationship with the blood. In addition, some blood in the portal vein bypasses the liver through other veins. The result of these anomalies is that toxic substances can be removed by the liver cells, and instead, toxic substances accumulate in the blood.

When toxic substances accumulate sufficiently in the blood, brain function is disrupted, a condition called hepatic encephalopathy. Sleeping during the day instead of night (reversal of normal sleep pattern) is one of the first symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy. Other symptoms include irritability, inability to concentrate or perform calculations, memory loss, confusion, depression, or levels of consciousness. Ultimately, severe hepatic encephalopathy leading to coma and death.

Toxic chemicals also cause the brain of patients with cirrhosis very sensitive to drugs that are normally filtered and detoxified by the liver. The dose of many drugs that are normally liver detoxification should be reduced to avoid toxic accumulation in cirrhosis, particularly sedatives and drugs used to promote sleep. Alternatively, medications may be used which need not be decontaminated or disposed of the body by the liver, for example, drugs that are eliminated by the kidneys.

Hepatorenal Syndrome

Patients with cirrhosis can develop an intensification of hepatorenal syndrome. This syndrome is a serious complication in which kidney function is reduced. This is a malfunction in the kidneys, i.e. no physical damage to the kidneys. In contrast, the reduction function is due to changes in how blood flows through the kidneys themselves. Hepatorenal syndrome is defined as the progressive inability of the kidneys to clear substances from the blood and produce adequate amounts of urine, but some other important functions of the kidneys, such as salt retention are maintained. If liver function or a healthy liver is transplanted into a patient with hepatorenal syndrome, the kidneys usually start working normally. This suggests that reduced renal function is the result of accumulation of toxic substances in the blood when the liver fails. There are two types of hepatorenal syndrome. An error occurs gradually in recent months. The other is quickly over a week or two.

Hepatopulmonaire Syndrome

More rarely, some patients with advanced cirrhosis may develop hépatopulmonaire syndrome. These patients may have difficulty breathing because of certain hormones released in advanced cirrhosis causes the lungs to function abnormally. The fundamental problem in the lungs is not enough blood flows through tiny blood vessels in the lungs that are in contact with the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs. The lung blood is diverted around the alveoli and can not collect enough oxygen in the alveoli. Consequently, the patient has trouble breathing, especially with exertion.

Hypersplenism

The spleen normally acts as a filter to remove more red blood cells, white cells and platelets (small particles that are important for blood clotting.). The blood that flows in the rate reaches the blood in the veins of the intestine. With increasing pressure in the portal vein in cirrhosis, which blocks blood flow further and further into the spleen. Blood “backs and accumulates in the spleen, the spleen and swell in size, a condition known as splenomegaly. Sometimes, the spleen is so swollen that causes abdominal pain.

As the spleen, cells from the blood leaks and more and more until the number of platelets in the blood are reduced. Hypersplenism is the term used to describe this condition, and is associated with a low number of red blood cells (anemia), low white blood cell count (leukopenia), and / or a low platelet count (thrombocytopenia). Anemia can cause weakness, infections can cause leukopenia, thrombocytopenia and may inhibit blood clotting and cause prolonged bleeding.

Hepatocellular Carcinoma ( liver cancer )

Cirrhosis due to a cause increases the risk of primary liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma). Principal means that the tumor originates in the liver. A secondary liver cancer is one that comes from other parts of the body and spread (metastasize) to the liver.

The most common symptoms and signs of primary liver cancer are abdominal pain and swelling, enlarged liver, weight loss, fever. In addition, cancers of the liver can produce and release a number of substances, including those that cause an increase in red blood cells (polycythemia), blood sugar (hypoglycemia) and high calcium levels (hypercalcemia).

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Definition Diabetes Mellitus Deadly Disease

Diabetes Mellitus

What is Diabetes Mellitus? Diabetes Mellitus, some people also known Diabetes as sugar illness, also means sugar flow, since the urine tastes sweet not treated diabetes patients (in earlier times to the diagnostic position a taste sample was taken). This concerns a disturbance of sugar metabolism, with which the cells of the body can take up grape sugar (glucose), transported in the blood, not sufficiently. It is not thereby to the cells as energy source meeting demand at the disposal.

Glucose (dextrose) is the primary cell of nutrients in the blood. Above all, the brain is dependent on the constant supply of glucose, as well as muscle and fat cells feed on them. The body always tries a sufficient supply of glucose in the blood ready to. The blood glucose concentration varies throughout the day.

It can be added glucose by the cells and processed, is the hormone insulin needed. After a carbohydrate-rich meal, insulin is released into the blood. It docks to the insulin receptors of cells and ensures that the cell walls are permeable to glucose. In addition to its great importance for the utilization of glucose from the diet, the hormone insulin also shows effects on lipid metabolism and utilization of amino acids that are the building blocks of proteins.

Insulin is produced in the pancreas (Pancreas). The approximately twelve inches long gland below the stomach serves two functions: first, the pancreas is approximately 0.5 to 1.5 liters daily digestive secretions and releases it into the small intestine. Secondly, the pancreas is the production of insulin.

The cells, where insulin is produced, which are named after their discoverer Paul Langerhans islands of Langerhans (or islet cells or beta cells). They are insular groups spread across the entire gland. Particularly abundant are found in the tail of the pancreas (tail of the pancreas) to. A healthy adult has about one million of these islet cells.

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