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Symptoms of Chronic Bronchitis and Diagnosis

The main symptom of chronic bronchitis (chronic bronchitis symptoms) is the frequently arising or chronic cough. These symptoms of chronic bronchitis are:
- Ejection, which will be coughed up ever more toughly and more with difficulty. Especially in the early hours bronchitis massive mucus must  expectoration. When a bacterial infection of the mucous looks like pus. After the morning people with chronic bronchitis symptoms are free cough and often for hours.
- In advanced chronic bronchitis stages, there is shortness of breath which gradually increased.
In the cold seasons the complaints of chronic bronchitis increase.

The Chronic Bronchitis Process

From chronic bronchitis developed, over time, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),  which can lead to cause emphysema. The transitions between the individual disease pictures are blurred :
- Chronic bronchitis
The changes of the lung may regress even if the harmful substance is eliminated, so for example smoking. At this stage, cough and expectoration in the foreground. As the bronchi are not chronically constricted, there is no difficulty in breathing exists.
- Chronic obstructive bronchitis
The lung is in the long term damaged, the changes can any longer regress. The bronchi are narrowed. Especially on exertion, patients suffer from shortness of breath and Read more…

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Cirrhosis Management Prevention in Futures

Progress in the hepatic cirrhosis prevention and management of cirrhosis continues. Research is underway to determine the mechanism of scar formation in the liver and how the healing process can be halted or even reversed. The newest and best treatments for viral diseases of the liver are being developed to prevent progression to cirrhosis. Prevention of viral hepatitis by vaccination, which is available for hepatitis B, is in development for hepatitis C. The treatment of complications of cirrhosis are continuously developed and tested. Finally, the research aims to identify new proteins in the blood can detect liver cancer early or predict which patients will develop liver cancer.

Hepatic Cirrhosis Disease Brief Information

• Cirrhosis disease is a liver complication disease leading to loss of liver cells and irreversible scarring of the liver.
• Alcohol and viral hepatitis C and hepatitis C are common causes of cirrhosis, although there are many other causes.
• Cirrhosis can cause bruising, weakness, loss of appetite, yellowing of the skin (jaundice), fatigue and itching.
• The cirrhosis diagnosis can be suggested by history, blood tests and physical examination, and can be confirmed by liver biopsy.
• The complications of liver cirrhosis are edema and ascites, variceal bleeding, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, hepatic encephalopathy, hypersplenism, hepatorenal syndrome, Hepatopulmonary syndrome and liver cancer.
• Treatment of cirrhosis is designed to prevent more damage to the liver, treatment of complications of cirrhosis, and prevention or early detection of liver cancer.
• Liver transplantation is becoming an important option for treating patients with advanced cirrhosis.

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Acute Bronchitis Symptoms and Diagnosis

Acute Bronchitis Typical Symptoms

Acute bronchitis symptoms is associated with the following complaints :
- Hypersensitivity of the respiratory system with frequently painful cough stimulus.
- Increased mucus production : For viral infection often associated with slight whitish mucous discharge in bacterial infections with a yellowish-greenish discharge.
- The inflammation is often associated with fever, fatigue, headache and general malaise.
Of chest pain are rare, usually only in connection with a violent, long-lasting cough or a simultaneous disease of the pleura.
- Lung “rattles” when breathing.

Other acute bronchitis symptoms like inflammatory swelling of the bronchial mucosa and increased mucus production can occur , the airways and cause embarrassment to increased cough and possibly a respiratory disability. It is also called spastic bronchitis or obstructive bronchitis.

When go to physician doctor to check symptoms of acute bronchitis ?

In acute bronchitis, you should consult with a physician necessarily following Read more…

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The Prognosis of Lung Cancer and Outcome

The prognosis of lung cancer relates to the likelihood of cure or prolongation of life (survival) and depends on where the cancer is localized tumor size, presence of symptoms, lung cancer and overall health the patient. Lung cancer prognosis, also known as pronostic du cancer du poumon en France, lungenkrebs prognose in Deutschland, la prognosi del cancro del polmone in Italia, El pronóstico de cáncer de pulmón en España.

SCLC growth was the most aggressive of all lung cancers, with a median survival of only two to four months after diagnosis without treatment. (In other words, two to four months, half of all patients have died.) However, the CCP is also the type of lung cancer more sensitive to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Because SCLC spreads quickly and is available at the time of diagnosis, methods such as surgical excision or localized radiation therapy are less effective in the treatment of this tumor. However, when chemotherapy is used alone or in combination with other methods, survival time can be extended from four to five times, but all patients with SCLC, only 5% -10% are alive five years after diagnosis. Most of those who survive have limited stage SCLC.

In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the results of standard treatment are generally poor in all but the most localized cancers can be surgically removed. However, in stage I cancers that can be removed completely, five-year survival approaches 75%. Radiation therapy may produce a cure in a small minority of patients with NSCLC and leads to relief of symptoms in most patients. In advanced disease, chemotherapy offers modest improvements in survival time, but overall survival rates are poor.

The overall prognosis for lung cancer is poor compared with other cancers. Survival rates for lung cancer are generally lower than those for most cancers, with a total rate of five year survival for lung cancer by about 16% to 65% for colon cancer, 89% breast cancer and more than 99% for prostate cancer.

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Treatment of Lung Cancer Therapy for Healthy

The treatment of lung cancer, also known as lung cancer treatments and therapy can result in surgical removal of the tumor, chemotherapy or radiotherapy, and combinations of these treatments. The decision on which treatments are appropriate for a given individual should take into account the location and extent of the tumor and the patient’s general health.

As with other types of cancer treatment can be provided that the allegations curative (removal or eradication of cancer) or palliative (measures that are not able to cure cancer, but may reduce pain and suffering). More than one type of treatment may be prescribed. In such cases, therapy is added to enhance the effects of primary therapy is known as adjuvant therapy. An example of adjuvant treatment with chemotherapy or radiation therapy after surgery to remove a tumor, to be sure who killed the tumor cells.

Lung Cancer Surgery

Surgical removal of the tumor is usually performed for limited stage (stage I or, sometimes, phase II) and NSCLC (non-small-cell lung cancer) is the treatment against cancer that has not spread beyond the lung. Approximately 10% -35% of lung cancers can be surgically removed, but the withdrawal does not always translate into a cure, because the tumors have already spread in May and may occur at a later date. Among those who are isolated, slow-growing cancer of the lung removed, 25% to 40% are still alive five years after diagnosis. Surgery may not be possible if the cancer is near the trachea or if you have other serious diseases (like heart or lung disease) that limit their ability to tolerate surgery. The operation was performed less often because SCLC tumors are less likely to be located in an area that can be eliminated.

The surgical lung cancer procedure chosen depends on the size and location of the tumor. Surgeons must open the chest wall and may perform a lung wedge resection (removal of part of one lobe), lobectomy (removal of one lobe) or pneumonectomy (removal of an entire lung). Sometimes lymph nodes in the region of the lungs are removed (lymphadenectomy). Surgery for lung cancer is a major surgery requiring general anesthesia, hospitalization and follow-up care for weeks or months. After surgery, patients may experience difficulty breathing, shortness of breath, pain and weakness. The risks of surgery are complications due to hemorrhage, infection and complications from general anesthesia.

Lung Cancer Radiation

Therapy radiation may be used as a treatment for both NSCLC (non-small-cell lung cancer) and SCLC (small cell lung cancer). Radiation therapy of lung cancer uses high-energy X-rays or other radiation to kill cancer cells from dividing. Radiotherapy may be administered in curative treatment, palliative treatment (using low doses of radiation that have curative regimes), or as adjuvant therapy in combination with surgery or chemotherapy. The radiation is delivered either externally, using a machine that aims radiation at cancer, or internally by placing radioactive material in sealed containers in the area of the body where the tumor is located. Brachytherapy is a term used to describe the use of a small pellet of radioactive material placed directly in cancer or in the air near the cancer. This is usually done through a bronchoscope.

Radiotherapy lung cancer may be given if a person refuses surgery if the tumor has spread to areas such as the lymph nodes or trachea, making surgical removal impossible, or if a person has other conditions that make too sick to go through major surgery. Radiation therapy is usually only reduce the tumor or the limits of its growth when given alone, however, in 10% -15% of people that leads to a long-term remission and palliation of cancer. Combining radiation therapy with chemotherapy may increase survival when given chemotherapy. External radiation therapy, in general, can be performed on an outpatient basis, while internal radiotherapy requires a short hospital stay. A person who has a serious lung disease, in addition to lung cancer may not be able to receive radiotherapy in the lungs. A type of external radiation called “Gamma Knife” is sometimes used to treat brain metastases only. In this procedure, the multiple radiation beams are focused on the tumor for a few minutes to several hours, while the head is held in place by a rigid structure.

For external beam radiation, a process called simulation is necessary before treatment. Using CT, computers and precise measurements, simulation maps the exact location where the radiation is delivered, called the treatment field or port. This process usually takes 30 minutes to two hours. The external radiation therapy in general, it takes four or five days a week for several weeks.

Radiation therapy does not increase risk of major surgery, but can have unpleasant side effects such as fatigue and lack of energy. A small number of white blood cells (making a person more vulnerable to infection) and low levels of platelets in the blood (blood clotting more difficult) can also occur with radiotherapy. If the digestive organs are in the area exposed to radiation, patients may experience nausea, vomiting or diarrhea. Radiotherapy May irritate the skin in that area, but the irritation usually improves with time after treatment.

Lung Cancer Chemotherapy

Both non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and CPM can be treated with chemotherapy. Chemotherapy refers to the administration of drugs that inhibit the growth of cancerous cells by killing them or preventing them from dividing. Chemotherapy can be administered alone as adjuvant therapy to surgery or in combination with radiotherapy. If a number of chemotherapy drugs have been developed, the drugs of the class of drugs known as platinum have been most effective in the treatment of lung cancer.

Chemotherapy is the treatment of choice for most CPM, because these tumors are very common in the body when diagnosed. Only half of those with SCLC survive for four months without chemotherapy. With chemotherapy, their survival time increased from four to five times. Chemotherapy alone is not particularly effective in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but when have metastatic NSCLC, it may prolong survival in many cases.

Chemotherapy may be given in pill form as intravenous infusion, or a combination of both. Chemotherapy treatments are usually given on an outpatient basis. A combination of drugs is given in a series of treatments, called cycles for a period of weeks or months, with breaks between cycles. Unfortunately, chemotherapy drugs also kill normal dividing cells in the body, causing unpleasant side effects. Damage to blood cells may cause increased susceptibility to infections and difficulties related to blood coagulation (bleeding or bruising easily). Other side effects include loss, fatigue, weight gain, hair loss, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and mouth sores. Side effects of chemotherapy depend on the dose and combination of drugs used and can vary from person to person. Drugs have been developed that can treat or prevent many side effects of chemotherapy. Side effects usually disappear during the recovery phase of treatment or after its completion.

Prophylactic cranial irradiation

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) often spreads to the brain. Sometimes people with SCLC, which responds well to treatment, are treated with radiation to treat quickly spread to the head brain (called micrometastases) is not yet detectable with CT or MRI and no symptoms yet. Brain radiation therapy can cause problems with short-term memory, fatigue, nausea and other side effects.

Treatment of recurrence

Lung cancer that has returned after treatment with surgery, chemotherapy and / or radiation therapy is called recurrent or relapsed. If recurrent cancer is confined to a site in the lungs, can be treated by surgery. Relapsed tumors do not usually respond to chemotherapy drugs administered previously. As platinum-based drugs are generally used in the initial chemotherapy of lung cancer, these drugs are not useful in most cases of recurrence. A type of chemotherapy called second-line chemotherapy is used to treat recurrent cancer previously treated with chemotherapy, and a series of second-line chemotherapy have proven effective in prolonging survival. People with lung cancer are quite recurrent to tolerate the treatment are also good candidates for experimental therapies (see below), including clinical trials.

Targeted therapy

An alternative to standard chemotherapy is the drug erlotinib (Tarceva), which can be used in patients with ( NSCLC non-small-cell lung cancer ) who no longer respond to chemotherapy. Specific call is a drug, a drug that specifically target cancer cells, causing less damage to normal cells. Erlotinib targets a receptor protein called epidermal growth factor (EGFR), which helps cells to divide. This protein is found in abnormally high levels on the surface of certain types of cancer cells, including many cases of non-small cell cancer of lung cells. Erlotinib is taken orally as tablets.

Among other efforts targeted therapy known as the fight against drugs that block angiogenesis, the development of new blood vessels in cancer. Without blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood adequate cancer cells to die. Anti-angiogenic drug bevacizumab (Avastin) has recently been found to prolong survival in lung cancer in advanced stage when added to standard chemotherapy. Bevacizumab is administered intravenously every two to three weeks. However, since this medication may cause bleeding, is not suitable for use in patients who are coughing up blood, if lung cancer has spread to the brain, or those receiving anticoagulant therapy (diluent blood “) drugs. Avastin is also used in cases of squamous cell cancer, because it causes bleeding of this type of lung cancer.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT)

Therapy newer used for different types and stages of lung cancer (and some other cancers) is photodynamic therapy. In photodynamic therapy, an agent of photosynthesis (as a porphyrin, a naturally occurring substance in the body) is injected into the bloodstream of a couple of hours before surgery. Meanwhile, the deposition agent itself selectively in rapidly growing cells like cancer cells. Then follows a procedure in which the physician applies a certain wavelength of light through a handheld wand directly to the site of the cancer and surrounding tissues. Light energy activates the photosensitizing agent, causing the production of a toxin that kills tumor cells. PDT has the advantage to precisely target the cancer site, is less invasive than surgery and can be repeated on the same site if necessary. The disadvantages of PDT is that it is only useful in the treatment of cancers that can be achieved with a light source and is not suitable for the treatment of cancer spread. The investigation is ongoing to determine the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy in lung cancer.

Radio Frequency Ablation (RFA)

Radiofrequency ablation is studied as an alternative to surgery, especially in cases of lung cancer early. In this new type of treatment involves inserting a needle through skin cancer, usually under the direction of TC. Radiofrequency (electrical) energy is transmitted to the tip of the needle where it produces heat in the tissues, killing the cancerous tissue and the closure of small blood vessels that cancer feed. RFA is usually not painful and has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration of the United States to treat certain types of cancers including lung cancer. Studies have shown that this treatment may prolong survival similar to surgery, when used to treat early stage lung cancer, but without the risks of major surgery and prolonged recovery time associated with major surgical procedures .

The experimental treatments

As no treatment is currently available that is very effective in treating lung cancer, patients can offer a range of treatments that are still being tested, which means that doctors have not yet sufficiently d ‘information to decide if these treatments must be accepted forms of treatment for lung cancer. New drugs or new combinations of drugs are tested in the so-called clinical trials, which are studies that evaluate the effectiveness of new drugs, compared with treatments that are already widely used. Experimental treatment known as immunotherapy, are being considered that involve the use of vaccine-related therapies or other therapies that seek to use the body’s immune system to fight cancer cells.

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