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Cirrhosis Management Prevention in Futures

Progress in the hepatic cirrhosis prevention and management of cirrhosis continues. Research is underway to determine the mechanism of scar formation in the liver and how the healing process can be halted or even reversed. The newest and best treatments for viral diseases of the liver are being developed to prevent progression to cirrhosis. Prevention of viral hepatitis by vaccination, which is available for hepatitis B, is in development for hepatitis C. The treatment of complications of cirrhosis are continuously developed and tested. Finally, the research aims to identify new proteins in the blood can detect liver cancer early or predict which patients will develop liver cancer.

Hepatic Cirrhosis Disease Brief Information

• Cirrhosis disease is a liver complication disease leading to loss of liver cells and irreversible scarring of the liver.
• Alcohol and viral hepatitis C and hepatitis C are common causes of cirrhosis, although there are many other causes.
• Cirrhosis can cause bruising, weakness, loss of appetite, yellowing of the skin (jaundice), fatigue and itching.
• The cirrhosis diagnosis can be suggested by history, blood tests and physical examination, and can be confirmed by liver biopsy.
• The complications of liver cirrhosis are edema and ascites, variceal bleeding, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, hepatic encephalopathy, hypersplenism, hepatorenal syndrome, Hepatopulmonary syndrome and liver cancer.
• Treatment of cirrhosis is designed to prevent more damage to the liver, treatment of complications of cirrhosis, and prevention or early detection of liver cancer.
• Liver transplantation is becoming an important option for treating patients with advanced cirrhosis.

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Prevention Liver Cancer Detection and Transplantation

In this session, I will explain in detail about liver cancer prevention and early detection of liver cancer, and cirrhosis liver transplantation .

Prevention liver cancer and early detection of liver cancer

There are several types of disease that causes liver cirrhosis associated with a particularly high incidence of liver cancer, for example, hepatitis B and C, and would be useful to detect liver cancer and early surgical treatment or Liver transplantation can cure the cancer patient. The difficulty is that the methods available for research are only partially effective in identifying, at best, only 50% of patients in a curable stage of cancer. Despite the partial effectiveness of screening, most patients with cirrhosis, hepatitis B and C, are reviewed annually or every six months with liver ultrasound and measurement of proteins produced by cancer in the blood, for example , alpha-fetoprotein.

Cirrhosis Liver Transplantation

Cirrhosis is irreversible. Liver function in many patients become progressively worse despite treatment and complications of cirrhosis will increase and become difficult to treat. Therefore, when advanced cirrhosis, liver transplantation is often the only option for treatment. Recent advances in transplant surgery and drugs to prevent infection and rejection of the transplanted liver had significantly improved survival after transplantation. On average, over 80% of patients who receive transplants are alive after five years. Not all people with cirrhosis is a candidate for transplantation. Furthermore, there is a shortage of livers for transplantation, and usually have a (long months or years) to wait before a liver transplant to make it available. Therefore, measures to slow the progression of liver disease and to treat and prevent complications of cirrhosis are of vital importance.

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Acute Bronchitis Causes and Description

Acute Bronchitis Description

Acute bronchitis is an inflammation in the larger branching airways (trachea and bronchi). Depending on which section is concerned, this is also called tracheitis, tracheobronchitis, bronchitis or bronchiolitis. Bronchitis acute usually arises in connection with a cold or flu. Acute bronchitis is usually harmless, but is often accompanied by a nagging cough.

The acute infections of the upper airways which include acute bronchitis, are the most frequent diseases. Adults suffer an average of two until three times annualy with acute bronchitis. An accumulation of these and other cold diseases are found mainly in spring and autumn. Affected are frequent children, older humans and people with immune deficiency.

Acute Bronchitis Causes

There are several pathogens that can cause acute bronchitis. These are several acute bronchitis causes :

Viruses : In about 90 percent of the cases is a cold, which is caused by viruses that can cause acute bronchitis. This spreads from the nose and throat area ( nasopharyngeal cavity ) into the deeper portions of the airways. The most common acute bronchitis virus are Adeno, Rhino, Corona, or para-influenza viruses. In children, frequent Respiratory Sinzytial (RS), ECHO or coxsackie viruses.

Bacteria : They can also cause acute bronchitis because bacteria. Often this occurs, in conjunction with or after a viral infection on (so-called secondary infection). Often there are bacteria, which increase within the cells of the human immune system and therefore can not be easily tackled, such as Chlamydia or Mycoplasma. Also bacteria like Haemophilus influenzae, which can cause meningitis in children, and pathogens such as pneumococcal pneumonia may be responsible for bronchitis causes.

Mushrooms : They are less often lead to acute bronchitis (e.g. Soorbronchitis by Candida albicans). Especially immunocompromised people (e.g. HIV-infected people) are affected with cancer. Even diseases such as whooping cough, measles, brucellosis or typhoid fever can be causes of acute bronchitis.

Irritants : Constant exposure to irritants such as vapors, gases and dust around the workplace or the particulate pollution in busy streets favor the development of acute bronchitis causes. Rarely they can even damage to the mucosa and cause inflammation of Trachealbaums.

Important is the differentiation from allergic asthma : While concentrated in acute bronchitis, the airways are restricted by inflammatory cells and mucus, they over-react to various stimuli in asthma, it comes to a sudden constriction and asthma attack.

Favouring factors  for respiratory tract infections system are:

• Cigarette smoke from smokers
• Cold water or wet weather
• Air pollution

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Treatment of Lung Cancer Therapy for Healthy

The treatment of lung cancer, also known as lung cancer treatments and therapy can result in surgical removal of the tumor, chemotherapy or radiotherapy, and combinations of these treatments. The decision on which treatments are appropriate for a given individual should take into account the location and extent of the tumor and the patient’s general health.

As with other types of cancer treatment can be provided that the allegations curative (removal or eradication of cancer) or palliative (measures that are not able to cure cancer, but may reduce pain and suffering). More than one type of treatment may be prescribed. In such cases, therapy is added to enhance the effects of primary therapy is known as adjuvant therapy. An example of adjuvant treatment with chemotherapy or radiation therapy after surgery to remove a tumor, to be sure who killed the tumor cells.

Lung Cancer Surgery

Surgical removal of the tumor is usually performed for limited stage (stage I or, sometimes, phase II) and NSCLC (non-small-cell lung cancer) is the treatment against cancer that has not spread beyond the lung. Approximately 10% -35% of lung cancers can be surgically removed, but the withdrawal does not always translate into a cure, because the tumors have already spread in May and may occur at a later date. Among those who are isolated, slow-growing cancer of the lung removed, 25% to 40% are still alive five years after diagnosis. Surgery may not be possible if the cancer is near the trachea or if you have other serious diseases (like heart or lung disease) that limit their ability to tolerate surgery. The operation was performed less often because SCLC tumors are less likely to be located in an area that can be eliminated.

The surgical lung cancer procedure chosen depends on the size and location of the tumor. Surgeons must open the chest wall and may perform a lung wedge resection (removal of part of one lobe), lobectomy (removal of one lobe) or pneumonectomy (removal of an entire lung). Sometimes lymph nodes in the region of the lungs are removed (lymphadenectomy). Surgery for lung cancer is a major surgery requiring general anesthesia, hospitalization and follow-up care for weeks or months. After surgery, patients may experience difficulty breathing, shortness of breath, pain and weakness. The risks of surgery are complications due to hemorrhage, infection and complications from general anesthesia.

Lung Cancer Radiation

Therapy radiation may be used as a treatment for both NSCLC (non-small-cell lung cancer) and SCLC (small cell lung cancer). Radiation therapy of lung cancer uses high-energy X-rays or other radiation to kill cancer cells from dividing. Radiotherapy may be administered in curative treatment, palliative treatment (using low doses of radiation that have curative regimes), or as adjuvant therapy in combination with surgery or chemotherapy. The radiation is delivered either externally, using a machine that aims radiation at cancer, or internally by placing radioactive material in sealed containers in the area of the body where the tumor is located. Brachytherapy is a term used to describe the use of a small pellet of radioactive material placed directly in cancer or in the air near the cancer. This is usually done through a bronchoscope.

Radiotherapy lung cancer may be given if a person refuses surgery if the tumor has spread to areas such as the lymph nodes or trachea, making surgical removal impossible, or if a person has other conditions that make too sick to go through major surgery. Radiation therapy is usually only reduce the tumor or the limits of its growth when given alone, however, in 10% -15% of people that leads to a long-term remission and palliation of cancer. Combining radiation therapy with chemotherapy may increase survival when given chemotherapy. External radiation therapy, in general, can be performed on an outpatient basis, while internal radiotherapy requires a short hospital stay. A person who has a serious lung disease, in addition to lung cancer may not be able to receive radiotherapy in the lungs. A type of external radiation called “Gamma Knife” is sometimes used to treat brain metastases only. In this procedure, the multiple radiation beams are focused on the tumor for a few minutes to several hours, while the head is held in place by a rigid structure.

For external beam radiation, a process called simulation is necessary before treatment. Using CT, computers and precise measurements, simulation maps the exact location where the radiation is delivered, called the treatment field or port. This process usually takes 30 minutes to two hours. The external radiation therapy in general, it takes four or five days a week for several weeks.

Radiation therapy does not increase risk of major surgery, but can have unpleasant side effects such as fatigue and lack of energy. A small number of white blood cells (making a person more vulnerable to infection) and low levels of platelets in the blood (blood clotting more difficult) can also occur with radiotherapy. If the digestive organs are in the area exposed to radiation, patients may experience nausea, vomiting or diarrhea. Radiotherapy May irritate the skin in that area, but the irritation usually improves with time after treatment.

Lung Cancer Chemotherapy

Both non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and CPM can be treated with chemotherapy. Chemotherapy refers to the administration of drugs that inhibit the growth of cancerous cells by killing them or preventing them from dividing. Chemotherapy can be administered alone as adjuvant therapy to surgery or in combination with radiotherapy. If a number of chemotherapy drugs have been developed, the drugs of the class of drugs known as platinum have been most effective in the treatment of lung cancer.

Chemotherapy is the treatment of choice for most CPM, because these tumors are very common in the body when diagnosed. Only half of those with SCLC survive for four months without chemotherapy. With chemotherapy, their survival time increased from four to five times. Chemotherapy alone is not particularly effective in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but when have metastatic NSCLC, it may prolong survival in many cases.

Chemotherapy may be given in pill form as intravenous infusion, or a combination of both. Chemotherapy treatments are usually given on an outpatient basis. A combination of drugs is given in a series of treatments, called cycles for a period of weeks or months, with breaks between cycles. Unfortunately, chemotherapy drugs also kill normal dividing cells in the body, causing unpleasant side effects. Damage to blood cells may cause increased susceptibility to infections and difficulties related to blood coagulation (bleeding or bruising easily). Other side effects include loss, fatigue, weight gain, hair loss, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and mouth sores. Side effects of chemotherapy depend on the dose and combination of drugs used and can vary from person to person. Drugs have been developed that can treat or prevent many side effects of chemotherapy. Side effects usually disappear during the recovery phase of treatment or after its completion.

Prophylactic cranial irradiation

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) often spreads to the brain. Sometimes people with SCLC, which responds well to treatment, are treated with radiation to treat quickly spread to the head brain (called micrometastases) is not yet detectable with CT or MRI and no symptoms yet. Brain radiation therapy can cause problems with short-term memory, fatigue, nausea and other side effects.

Treatment of recurrence

Lung cancer that has returned after treatment with surgery, chemotherapy and / or radiation therapy is called recurrent or relapsed. If recurrent cancer is confined to a site in the lungs, can be treated by surgery. Relapsed tumors do not usually respond to chemotherapy drugs administered previously. As platinum-based drugs are generally used in the initial chemotherapy of lung cancer, these drugs are not useful in most cases of recurrence. A type of chemotherapy called second-line chemotherapy is used to treat recurrent cancer previously treated with chemotherapy, and a series of second-line chemotherapy have proven effective in prolonging survival. People with lung cancer are quite recurrent to tolerate the treatment are also good candidates for experimental therapies (see below), including clinical trials.

Targeted therapy

An alternative to standard chemotherapy is the drug erlotinib (Tarceva), which can be used in patients with ( NSCLC non-small-cell lung cancer ) who no longer respond to chemotherapy. Specific call is a drug, a drug that specifically target cancer cells, causing less damage to normal cells. Erlotinib targets a receptor protein called epidermal growth factor (EGFR), which helps cells to divide. This protein is found in abnormally high levels on the surface of certain types of cancer cells, including many cases of non-small cell cancer of lung cells. Erlotinib is taken orally as tablets.

Among other efforts targeted therapy known as the fight against drugs that block angiogenesis, the development of new blood vessels in cancer. Without blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood adequate cancer cells to die. Anti-angiogenic drug bevacizumab (Avastin) has recently been found to prolong survival in lung cancer in advanced stage when added to standard chemotherapy. Bevacizumab is administered intravenously every two to three weeks. However, since this medication may cause bleeding, is not suitable for use in patients who are coughing up blood, if lung cancer has spread to the brain, or those receiving anticoagulant therapy (diluent blood “) drugs. Avastin is also used in cases of squamous cell cancer, because it causes bleeding of this type of lung cancer.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT)

Therapy newer used for different types and stages of lung cancer (and some other cancers) is photodynamic therapy. In photodynamic therapy, an agent of photosynthesis (as a porphyrin, a naturally occurring substance in the body) is injected into the bloodstream of a couple of hours before surgery. Meanwhile, the deposition agent itself selectively in rapidly growing cells like cancer cells. Then follows a procedure in which the physician applies a certain wavelength of light through a handheld wand directly to the site of the cancer and surrounding tissues. Light energy activates the photosensitizing agent, causing the production of a toxin that kills tumor cells. PDT has the advantage to precisely target the cancer site, is less invasive than surgery and can be repeated on the same site if necessary. The disadvantages of PDT is that it is only useful in the treatment of cancers that can be achieved with a light source and is not suitable for the treatment of cancer spread. The investigation is ongoing to determine the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy in lung cancer.

Radio Frequency Ablation (RFA)

Radiofrequency ablation is studied as an alternative to surgery, especially in cases of lung cancer early. In this new type of treatment involves inserting a needle through skin cancer, usually under the direction of TC. Radiofrequency (electrical) energy is transmitted to the tip of the needle where it produces heat in the tissues, killing the cancerous tissue and the closure of small blood vessels that cancer feed. RFA is usually not painful and has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration of the United States to treat certain types of cancers including lung cancer. Studies have shown that this treatment may prolong survival similar to surgery, when used to treat early stage lung cancer, but without the risks of major surgery and prolonged recovery time associated with major surgical procedures .

The experimental treatments

As no treatment is currently available that is very effective in treating lung cancer, patients can offer a range of treatments that are still being tested, which means that doctors have not yet sufficiently d ‘information to decide if these treatments must be accepted forms of treatment for lung cancer. New drugs or new combinations of drugs are tested in the so-called clinical trials, which are studies that evaluate the effectiveness of new drugs, compared with treatments that are already widely used. Experimental treatment known as immunotherapy, are being considered that involve the use of vaccine-related therapies or other therapies that seek to use the body’s immune system to fight cancer cells.

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Diabetes Cirrhosis Treatment to Prevent Liver Damage

The treatment of diabetes cirrhosis treatment include : prevent further damage to the liver, treatment of complications of cirrhosis, early detection and prevention of liver cancer, and liver transplantation.

And I will explain more detail the diabetes cirrhosis treatment steps, starting from how to prevent further damage to the liver.

• Eat a balanced diet and a daily multivitamin. PBC patients with impaired absorption of fat soluble vitamins may need supplements of vitamins D and K.
• Avoid drugs (including alcohol) that causes liver damage. All patients with cirrhosis should avoid alcohol. Most patients with cirrhosis induced by alcohol experience an improvement in liver function with abstinence from alcohol. Even patients with hepatitis B and C can significantly reduce liver damage and slow the progression to cirrhosis with alcohol withdrawal.
• Avoid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, eg ibuprofen). Patients with cirrhosis may experience a worsening of liver and kidney with NSAIDs.
• Reducing hepatitis B and hepatitis C using anti-viral drugs. All patients with cirrhosis from chronic viral hepatitis are candidates for drug therapy. Some patients may experience a severe deterioration of liver function and / or intolerable side effects during treatment. Therefore, decisions to treat viral hepatitis should be individualized after consultation with physicians experienced in treating liver diseases (hepatologists).
• Removal of blood from patients with hemochromatosis to reduce iron levels and prevent further damage to the liver. In Wilson’s disease, medications can be used to increase copper excretion in the urine to reduce levels of copper in the body and prevent further damage to the liver.
• Remove the immune system with drugs such as prednisone and azathioprine (Imuran) to reduce inflammation of the liver in autoimmune hepatitis.
• Treat patients with primary biliary cirrhosis with a preparation of bile acid, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), also called ursodiol (Actigall). The results of an analysis that combines results from several clinical trials have shown that UDCA improved survival in patients with PBC during 4 years of treatment. The development of portal hypertension has also been reduced by UDCA. Importantly, despite evident benefits, UDCA treatment delays progression and above all, not a cure for PBC. Other drugs such as colchicine and methotrexate may also have benefits for subgroups of patients with PBC.
• Patients with cirrhosis of immunizing against infection with hepatitis A and B to prevent a serious deterioration of liver function. There is currently no vaccine available for immunization against hepatitis C.

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